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Reporting on the geologic methods of
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ERW

Eion bets big on olivine, partners with agribusinesses to scale enhanced rock weathering on U.S. farmland

December 19, 2025 | Tom Kaldenbach, geoCDR News
Photo of olivine sample displaying typical green crystalline appearance.
Credit

Eion has issued the first enhanced rock weathering carbon credits under the Puro.earth registry by deploying finely ground olivine on thousands of acres of U.S. farmland, marking a milestone for ERW at commercial scale. Full article >>

DACPS
Licensing in progress, agreements signed

Direct air capture will supply some of the CO2 in the first industrial-scale carbon capture and storage project in the southeastern Mediterranean

June 27, 2024 | Tom Kaldenbach, geoCDR News
>Aerial view of Prinos offshore facility in the Aegean Sea where CO<sub>2</sub> will be injected underground for permanent storage.

Greece’s first major CCS project will include a direct-air-capture component, as Energean’s EnEarth subsidiary prepares to store up to 1 million tonnes of CO2 a year in the Prinos offshore field using RepAir’s fully electric DAC system beginning in 2026. Full article >>

DACPS DACCM

Equipment malfunctions at CCS sites in Norway and U.S. underscore need for robust monitoring, reporting, and verification in carbon storage underground

June 25, 2025 | Tom Kaldenbach, geoCDR News
Schematic geologic cross-section of Decatur Project, Illinois (USA), showing injection wells, monitoring wells, and CO2 plumes.
Credit

Equipment failures at major CO2-storage sites in Norway and the U.S. — including over-reported CO2 injections at Sleipner and a monitoring-well leak at ADM’s Decatur project — highlight the need for stronger oversight and more rigorous verification as underground storage scales. Full article >>

OAE

Italian OAE developer, Limenet, joins Carbon Business Council and forges ahead with new plant and working capital

June 12, 2025 | Tom Kaldenbach, geoCDR News
Map showing location of Limenet project on Sicily.
Credit

Italian startup Limenet is accelerating its ocean-alkalinity push with new funding, a modular plant in Sicily, and fresh industry credentials—including joining the Carbon Business Council and securing verified carbon-removal sales—as it positions itself as a rising player in ocean-based CDR. Limenet's project uses limestone feedstock for OAE, rather than basalt. Full article >>



Upcoming events related to geologic CDR methods


Date Event Location
Jan 22 & 23, 2026 Carbon Unbound West Coast 2026 Vancouver, BC, Canada
April 13-15, 2026 2026 4th Shanghai International Carbon Offset Technology Expo Shanghai, China
April 17-19, 2026 2026 Int'l Conference on Climate Change and Carbon Neutrality Xi'an, China
May 19 - 22, 2026 InerPore2026 Nantes, France
June 25, 2026 Enhanced Rock Weathering Research in Australia Symposium 2026 James Cook University, Australia, Cairns, Nguma-bada campus (and online)
June 26, 2026 ERW Field Trial Site Visi Mareeba, Queensland, Australia

Past Events

Dec 15-19, 2025 AGU25 New Orleans, LA (USA)
Dec 8, 2025 CO2 Forward 2025 New Delhi, India
Dec 3, 2025 Global Carbon Markets Barcelona, Spain
Nov 17 & 18, 2025 Enhanced weathering with agriculture for atmospheric carbon dioxide removal London, England
Oct 7-9, 2025 Carbon Forward Expo London 2025 London, England
Sept 10 & 11, 2025 Mexico Carbon Forum Tampico, Tamaulipas
19-Sep-25 Navigating Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal: From Science to Regulation New York City, NY (USA)


Selected recent carbon credit transactions for projects using geologic methods of CDR (NR = Not reported)   
Full page view

Announcement date / Delivery date Buyer / seller Project/type/
location
CO2
tonnes
Price
USD/tonne
7/16/25 / over 5 years 1PointFive / Palo Alto Networks DACPS / Texas, USA 10,000 NR
7/14/25 / NR Frontier / Limenet OAE (using calcium bicarbonate) / Sicily, Italy 330 NR
6/24/25 / over 10 years JPMorganChase / 1PointFive DACPS / Texas, USA 50,000 NR
6/17/25 / Through 2034 SAP / Climeworks DACCM, ERW, biochar / Iceland (DACCM),
NR (ERW, biochar)
37,000 NR
6/16/25 / 6/16/25 Planetary / Stripe, Shopify, British Airways OAE (using magnesium hydroxide) / Nova Scotia, Canada 626 NR
3/25/25 / 2027 - 2030 Frontier / Eion ERW / U.S. south and midwest 78,707 $419
2/27/25 / 2027 - 2030 Frontier / Phlair DACPS / Alberta, Canada 47,000 $651
1/6/25 / 1/6/25 Adyen / InPlanet ERW / Brazil 236 NR
10-24-24 / Through 2037 Morgan Stanley / Climeworks DACPS / Louisiana,
USA (Cypress Hub)
40,000 NR
9-24-24/ over next 5 years Microsoft / Eion ERW (using olivine)/ Mid-Atlantic region of US 8,000 $300 - $400
9-23-24 / NR British Airways / Climeworks (DAC), Carbfix (storage) DACCM / Iceland NR NR
9-18-24/ NR Frontier/ Flux ERW / Kenya 1,142 $438
9-18-24 / NR Frontier / Alt Carbon ERW / Himalyan foothills, India 1,851 $243
9-18-24 / NR Frontier/ Silica ERW , Mexico
sugar cane farms
1,266 $355
9-10-24 /
early 2030s
Google / Holocene DACPS or DACCM / NR 100,000 $100
7-16-24 / NR
Zurcher Kantonalbank / Climeworks(DAC), Carbfix (storage) DACCM / Iceland 1,750 NR
7-11-24
Through 2030
Frontier/ 280Earth DACCM / The Dalles, Oregon, USA >60,000 <$667
7-9-24 / over 6 years
Microsoft / 1PointFive (Oxy) DACPS /
Ector County, TX USA (STRATOS)
500,000 NR
4/24 / mid-2025 KlimaDAO / Limenet OAE (using calcium bicarbonate) / Sicily, Italy 1,000 NR
3-29-24 / 3/24 Frontier / Mati ERW / Chhattisgarh, India 50 NR
1-16-24 / By 2030 Trafigura / 1PointFive DACPS / Ector County,
TX USA (STRATOS)
50,000 NR



The Geologic Methods of CDR

Emissions reduction is widely recognized as the highest priority for limiting global warming, while (CDR) is emerging as an additional pathway to limiting warming.

Most methods of performing CDR can be grouped into one of two broad categories, either biologic or geologic.

Biologic methods of CDR use plant material in the CDR process, either growing live plants or using processed plant material such as biochar.

Geologic methods of CDR involve rock materials in the CDR process — whether it's injecting liquid-like CO2 into rock underground or spreading finely crushed rock on cropland or in the ocean.

There are four major geologic methods of CDR.

Direct air capture with pore space storage (DACPS).

A DAC plant extracts CO2 directly from the atmosphere, compresses it to a liquid-like state, and then injects it underground where it is permanently stored, physically trapped in tiny pore spaces of sedimentary rock such as sandstone. Read more on DACPS page.

Direct air capture with carbon mineralization storage (DACCM).

Same as DACPS except that CO2 is stored underground as a solid mineral such as limestone, formed by CO2 reacting with basalt or similar igneous rock. Read more on DACCM page.

Enhanced rock weathering (ERW).

Finely crushed basalt or other suitable rock is spread on cropland where it dissolves and reacts with CO2 in infiltrating rainwater, forming bicarbonate which eventually ends up permanently stored in the ocean. Read more on ERW page.

Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE).

Finely crushed basalt or other suitable rock is spread in the ocean where it dissolves and reacts with atmospheric CO2, forming stable bicarbonate. Read more on OAE page.

ERW and OAE each comprise a complete CDR system because they capture and store CO2. In contrast, a direct air capture method becomes part of a complete CDR system only when coupled with durable storage such as underground injection (DACPS or DACCM).

The following table summarizes key aspects of the geologic methods of CDR, including their technical readiness levels. Biologic methods of CDR are included for comparison.

More about CDR

The estimates emissions reductions alone will not be enough to prevent global warming from reaching 2oC by the year 2100 and, consequently, it will be necessary to remove CO2 from the atmosphere to meet that goal.

Many believe CDR is needed in the near term for offsetting emissions from industries that are hard to decarbonize (e.g., airlines and cement). And, eventually, CDR will be needed for removing " " from the atmosphere.

ERW, OAE, and DACCM are categorized as "novel" methods of CDR because they have not had long-term testing. One publication indicated the novel methods of CDR (which also includes some of the biologic methods) need to be ramped up from the current removal rate of a factor of 1,300.

CDR is distinguished from more widely developed CCS (carbon capture and storage or sequestration).

CCS involves direct capture of emissions from industrial plants such as natural gas and corn ethanol plants, commonly with storage underground like in DACPS and DACCM. CCS, however, does not remove existing CO2 directly from the atmosphere — and, consequently, does not meet the definition of CDR.

The distinction between CDR and CCS is important for understanding motivations of a carbon removal project (e.g., CCS substituting for the reduction of ongoing fossil fuel emissions, versus CDR removing legacy emissions). The distinction can influence climate policy-making in government.

CDR methods are emerging that do not clearly fit into either the biologic or geologic categories (for example electrochemical methods and soil carbon mineralization). And, there are CDR methods that use captured CO2 in products or processes, although these methods are expected to create very limited negative emissions (i.e., they will not avoid much more emissions than they produce).