A new modeling study finds that ocean alkalinity enhancement only works efficiently if minerals are ground extremely fine, as larger particles sink, delay CO2 uptake, and sharply reduce carbon removal. Full article >>
A new scientific review says enhanced rock weathering credits should track metal ions in soil, not carbon, to fix flawed accounting and protect the integrity of carbon markets. Full article >>
Occidental Petroleum says its flagship STRATOS direct-air-capture plant in West Texas has entered commissioning, marking a key step toward launching what is expected to be one of the world’s largest facilities for permanently storing carbon dioxide underground. Full article >>
Climeworks is advancing its cost-reduction and scale-up strategy for direct air capture with carbon mineralization (DACCM), while facing high costs, slow ramp-up at its Mammoth plant in Iceland, and uncertainties around U.S. funding for future projects. Full article >>
Eion has issued the first enhanced rock weathering carbon credits under the Puro.earth registry by deploying finely ground olivine on thousands of acres of U.S. farmland, marking a milestone for ERW at commercial scale. Full article >>
A new industry-backed template called the OSCAR contract aims to cut legal preparation and speed up carbon-removal purchases by replacing today’s bespoke agreements with standardized terms that buyers, developers, and financiers can use to scale the emerging market. Full article >>
China is pouring its climate efforts into low-cost biological approaches like afforestation while leaving geologic CDR technologies—such as DACCS, ERW, and OAE—largely in the experimental stage despite the country’s vast theoretical storage potential and accelerating emissions goals. Full article >>
A new study suggests the world may have only about 1,460 gigatonnes of viable pore-space capacity for storing CO2—far less than long-cited estimates—raising the prospect of future storage shortages and intergenerational competition for geologic sequestration sites. Full article >>
Terradot secured a multiyear deal for Microsoft to buy 12,000 tonnes of carbon-removal credits, giving the ERW developer fresh funding to expand its large-scale scientific monitoring program in Brazil and strengthen verification of its weathering-based carbon removal. Full article >>
Kenya’s Rift Valley is emerging as a prime location for direct air capture with carbon-mineralization projects, as companies tap the region’s abundant geothermal energy and thick basalt formations to launch the first DACCM ventures outside Iceland. Full article >>
Ocean alkalinity enhancement is advancing from theory to practice as new research guidelines, more than $55 million in U.S. government grants, and a wave of startups drive early trials and develop the monitoring tools needed to verify carbon removal in the open ocean. Full article >>
A DOE-backed study finds that using waste heat from Alabama’s Farley nuclear plant to power a pilot direct-air-capture facility could remove CO2 with high efficiency, though the project’s high costs and small scale would pose hurdles for commercial viability. Full article >>
Greece’s first major CCS project will include a direct-air-capture component, as Energean’s EnEarth subsidiary prepares to store up to 1 million tonnes of CO2 a year in the Prinos offshore field using RepAir’s fully electric DAC system beginning in 2026. Full article >>
Equipment failures at major CO2-storage sites in Norway and the U.S. — including over-reported CO2 injections at Sleipner and a monitoring-well leak at ADM’s Decatur project — highlight the need for stronger oversight and more rigorous verification as underground storage scales. Full article >>
Planetary Technologies is accelerating its ocean-alkalinity work—backed by new funding, XPRIZE recognition, and the world’s first OAE-generated carbon credits—while placing greater emphasis on community engagement after local pushback halted a U.K. pilot. Full article >>
Italian startup Limenet is accelerating its ocean-alkalinity push with new funding, a modular plant in Sicily, and fresh industry credentials—including joining the Carbon Business Council and securing verified carbon-removal sales—as it positions itself as a rising player in ocean-based CDR. Limenet's project uses limestone feedstock for OAE, rather than basalt. Full article >>
| Date | Event | Location |
|---|---|---|
| Jan 22 & 23, 2026 | Carbon Unbound West Coast 2026 | Vancouver, BC, Canada |
| April 13-15, 2026 | 2026 4th Shanghai International Carbon Offset Technology Expo | Shanghai, China |
| April 17-19, 2026 | 2026 Int'l Conference on Climate Change and Carbon Neutrality | Xi'an, China |
| May 19 - 22, 2026 | InerPore2026 | Nantes, France |
| June 25, 2026 | Enhanced Rock Weathering Research in Australia Symposium 2026 | James Cook University, Australia, Cairns, Nguma-bada campus (and online) |
| June 26, 2026 | ERW Field Trial Site Visi | Mareeba, Queensland, Australia |
Past Events |
||
| Dec 15-19, 2025 | AGU25 | New Orleans, LA (USA) |
| Dec 8, 2025 | CO2 Forward 2025 | New Delhi, India |
| Dec 3, 2025 | Global Carbon Markets | Barcelona, Spain |
| Nov 17 & 18, 2025 | Enhanced weathering with agriculture for atmospheric carbon dioxide removal | London, England | Oct 7-9, 2025 | Carbon Forward Expo London 2025 | London, England |
| Sept 10 & 11, 2025 | Mexico Carbon Forum | Tampico, Tamaulipas |
| 19-Sep-25 | Navigating Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal: From Science to Regulation | New York City, NY (USA) |
| Announcement date / Delivery date | Buyer / seller | Project/type/ location |
CO2 tonnes |
Price USD/tonne |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7/16/25 / over 5 years | 1PointFive / Palo Alto Networks | DACPS / Texas, USA | 10,000 | NR |
| 7/14/25 / NR | Frontier / Limenet | OAE (using calcium bicarbonate) / Sicily, Italy | 330 | NR |
| 6/24/25 / over 10 years | JPMorganChase / 1PointFive | DACPS / Texas, USA | 50,000 | NR |
| 6/17/25 / Through 2034 | SAP / Climeworks | DACCM, ERW, biochar / Iceland (DACCM), NR (ERW, biochar) |
37,000 | NR |
| 6/16/25 / 6/16/25 | Planetary / Stripe, Shopify, British Airways | OAE (using magnesium hydroxide) / Nova Scotia, Canada | 626 | NR |
| 3/25/25 / 2027 - 2030 | Frontier / Eion | ERW / U.S. south and midwest | 78,707 | $419 |
| 2/27/25 / 2027 - 2030 | Frontier / Phlair | DACPS / Alberta, Canada | 47,000 | $651 |
| 1/6/25 / 1/6/25 | Adyen / InPlanet | ERW / Brazil | 236 | NR |
| 10-24-24 / Through 2037 | Morgan Stanley / Climeworks | DACPS / Louisiana, USA (Cypress Hub) |
40,000 | NR |
| 9-24-24/ over next 5 years | Microsoft / Eion | ERW (using olivine)/ Mid-Atlantic region of US | 8,000 | $300 - $400 |
| 9-23-24 / NR | British Airways / Climeworks (DAC), Carbfix (storage) | DACCM / Iceland | NR | NR |
| 9-18-24/ NR | Frontier/ Flux | ERW / Kenya | 1,142 | $438 |
| 9-18-24 / NR | Frontier / Alt Carbon | ERW / Himalyan foothills, India | 1,851 | $243 |
| 9-18-24 / NR | Frontier/ Silica | ERW , Mexico sugar cane farms |
1,266 | $355 |
| 9-10-24 / early 2030s |
Google / Holocene | DACPS or DACCM / NR | 100,000 | $100 |
| 7-16-24 / NR |
Zurcher Kantonalbank / Climeworks(DAC), Carbfix (storage) | DACCM / Iceland | 1,750 | NR |
| 7-11-24 Through 2030 |
Frontier/ 280Earth | DACCM / The Dalles, Oregon, USA | >60,000 | <$667 |
| 7-9-24 / over 6 years |
Microsoft / 1PointFive (Oxy) | DACPS / Ector County, TX USA (STRATOS) |
500,000 | NR |
| 4/24 / mid-2025 | KlimaDAO / Limenet | OAE (using calcium bicarbonate) / Sicily, Italy | 1,000 | NR | 3-29-24 / 3/24 | Frontier / Mati | ERW / Chhattisgarh, India | 50 | NR |
| 1-16-24 / By 2030 | Trafigura / 1PointFive | DACPS / Ector County, TX USA (STRATOS) |
50,000 | NR |
Emissions reduction is widely recognized as the highest priority for limiting global warming, while (CDR) is emerging as an additional pathway to limiting warming.
Most methods of performing CDR can be grouped into one of two broad categories, either biologic or geologic.
Biologic methods of CDR use plant material in the CDR process, either growing live plants or using processed plant material such as biochar.
Geologic methods of CDR involve rock materials in the CDR process — whether it's injecting liquid-like CO2 into rock underground or spreading finely crushed rock on cropland or in the ocean.
There are four major geologic methods of CDR.
ERW and OAE each comprise a complete CDR system because they capture and store CO2. In contrast, a direct air capture method becomes part of a complete CDR system only when coupled with durable storage such as underground injection (DACPS or DACCM).
The following table summarizes key aspects of the geologic methods of CDR, including their technical readiness levels. Biologic methods of CDR are included for comparison.
— More about CDR —
The estimates emissions reductions alone will not be enough to prevent global warming from reaching 2oC by the year 2100 — and, consequently, it will be necessary to remove CO2 from the atmosphere to meet that goal.
Many believe CDR is needed in the near term for offsetting emissions from industries that are hard to decarbonize (e.g., airlines and cement). And, eventually, CDR will be needed for removing " " from the atmosphere.
ERW, OAE, and DACCM are categorized as "novel" methods of CDR because they have not had long-term testing. One publication indicated the novel methods of CDR (which also includes some of the biologic methods) need to be ramped up from the current removal rate of
— a factor of 1,300.
CDR is distinguished from more widely developed CCS (carbon capture and storage or sequestration).
CCS involves direct capture of emissions from industrial plants such as natural gas and corn ethanol plants, commonly with storage underground like in DACPS and DACCM. CCS, however, does not remove existing CO2 directly from the atmosphere — and, consequently, does not meet the definition of CDR.
The distinction between CDR and CCS is important for understanding motivations of a carbon removal project (e.g., CCS substituting for the reduction of ongoing fossil fuel emissions, versus CDR removing legacy emissions). The distinction can influence climate policy-making in government.
CDR methods are emerging that do not clearly fit into either the biologic or geologic categories (for example electrochemical methods and soil carbon mineralization). And, there are CDR methods that use captured CO2 in products or processes, although these methods are expected to create very limited negative emissions (i.e., they will not avoid much more emissions than they produce).